TL;DR

EU’s IRIS² began as an ambitious multi-orbit satellite network aimed at rivaling Starlink but has stalled into costly geopolitical theater.

Key industry voices have labeled the programme uncompetitive, consortium members have scaled back commitments, the budget has ballooned toward twelve billion, and major EU states are exploring home-grown alternatives.

IRIS²: Europe’s Fantasy Satellite League

Welcome to IRIS², the EU’s

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